China’s Modern Application of Sun Tzu’s Principles
By Joel Wong
China’s “Winning Without Fighting” Strategy: A Modern Application of Sun Tzu’s Principles
China’s contemporary strategy reflects Sun Tzu’s ancient military philosophy, particularly the concept of achieving dominance without direct confrontation. This approach combines economic, diplomatic, technological, and psychological tools to maximize influence while minimizing the risks and costs of warfare.
Non-Military Means
China relies heavily on economic leverage to extend its global influence. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a prime example, using infrastructure investments to create economic dependencies and secure strategic alliances. Additionally, China employs soft power through cultural diplomacy, media expansion (e.g., CGTN), and Confucius Institutes to shape global narratives in its favor. In the digital domain, cyber and information warfare—including cyber espionage, intellectual property theft, and disinformation campaigns—are used to covertly undermine competitors.
Military Deterrence
Although China prioritizes non-kinetic tactics, it maintains a formidable deterrent through modernizing the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). Advancements in hypersonic missiles, AI, and naval capabilities signal China’s preparedness. The “Active Defense” doctrine emphasizes a proportional response and defensive posture, discouraging adversaries from escalating conflicts.
Grey Zone Tactics
China frequently operates in the “grey zone”—below the threshold of open warfare. Maritime militia operations in the South China Sea, economic coercion (e.g., trade restrictions on Australia), and legal warfare tactics challenge rivals without triggering direct conflict.
Political and Psychological Warfare
China’s “Three Warfares” doctrine—psychological, media, and legal warfare—aims to manipulate perceptions, justify China’s actions, and isolate opponents. The Chinese United Front Work Department uses cultural exchanges, friendship groups, and educational programs to influence opinions and to build goodwill.
Taiwan and Contingencies
While China prioritizes peaceful reunification with Taiwan through economic integration, it maintains the threat of force as a last resort, highlighting a dual-track strategy of persuasion and deterrence.
Conclusion
China’s strategic doctrine prioritizes subduing adversaries through non-military means, consistent with Sun Tzu’s principles. However, it is underpinned by a robust military modernization program to deter and, if necessary, engage in direct conflict. This multifaceted approach aims to reshape the international order in China’s favor without resorting to costly warfare.
